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The Scientist:过去30天遗传学和基因组学七大新闻

作者:towersimper 来源:生命科学论坛 发布时间: 2011-05-27 14:57  浏览次数:
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[The Scientist: May 24, 2011 by Cristina Luiggi]

1.长链非编码RNA的新作用

利用染色体形成的环,基因间的长链非编码RNA(long intergenic noncoding RNA, lincRNA)能激活相隔超远距离的HOXA基因(其基因家族参与细胞成型化),这也是已知的为数不多的lincRNA激活基因的例子之一。

K.C. Wang, et al., "A long noncoding RNA maintains active chromatin to coordinate homeotic gene expression," Nature, 472:120-4, 2011. Evaluated by W. Lee Kraus, Univ of Texas; Panagiotis Ntziachristos and Iannis Aifantis, HHMI/New York Univ School of Medicine; Leonie Ringrose, Inst of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH, Austria; Pamela Geyer, Univ of Iowa.

2.染色体分离

(图片来源于维基百科)

细胞分裂期间,要使得染色体正确分离,纺锤体微管必须合适地附着到称作着丝粒(kinetochore)的蛋白复合体上。研究人员发现,细胞通过激酶Aurora B磷酸化和蛋白磷酸酶1(PP1)去磷酸化着丝粒蛋白来调控这个过程。

D. Liu, et al., "Regulated targeting of protein phosphatase 1 to the outer kinetochore by KNL1 opposes Aurora B kinase1," J Cell Biol,188:809-20, 2011. Evaluated by Tomoyuki Tanaka, Univ of Dundee, UK; Stefan Westermann, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Austria; Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy. Univ of Ottawa, Canada; Vincent Vanoosthuyse and Kevin Hardwick, Univ of Edinburgh, UK.

3. 消除胁迫在植物中留下的遗传记忆

当遭遇环境胁迫因素(stressor),如热时,植物激活称作逆转录转座子(retrotransposon)的可移动遗传因子(mobile genetic element),而逆转录转座子复制自己,并插入到基因组内,诱导遗传变化,从而有助于植物应对环境胁迫。在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中,小干涉性RNA(siRNA)抑制由热胁迫激活的逆转录转座子转录,从而在有性繁殖之前消除环境胁迫在基因组上留下的痕迹,这样就能确保植株后代没有储存胁迫留下来的遗传记忆。

H. Ito, et al., "An siRNA pathway prevents transgenerational retrotransposition in plants subjected to stress," Nature, 6472:115-9, 2011. Evaluated by Robert Sablowski, John Innes Centre, UK; Renate Schmidt, IPK Gatersleben, Germany; Ian Henderson, Univ of Cambridge, UK.

4.同行评审的黄金规则

在细胞的分子生物学(Molecular Biology of the Cell)杂志的一篇社论中,杂志主编为怎样成为一名公正的和建设性的评审员提供一些指导规则,其中第一条规则就是“除非你做到公正无私,否则从不接受邀请去评审他人的稿件”。

DG Drubin, "Any jackass can trash a manuscript, but it takes good scholarship to create one (how MBoC promotes civil and constructive peer review)," Mol Biol Cell, 22:525-7, 2011. Evaluated by Etienne Joly, CNRS, France; Ferdinando Boero, Universita' del Salento, Italy; Gerald Zamponi, Univ of Calgary, Canada; Larry Kane, Univ of Pittsburgh.

5.谷氨酸受体类似蛋白(GLR)的新作用

针对秀丽隐杆线虫的阴门成型化(vulval patterning),人们提出了两种机制,最新研究表明这两种机制并不是相互排斥的。根据一个计算模型,这两种途径之间相互作用的变化导致能选择两种不同的细胞成型化模式中的一种:顺序模式(级联模式)信号转导或产生成形素(morphogen)梯度,这样就解决了关于阴门细胞命运的长期争执。

E. Michard, et al., "Glutamate receptor-like genes form Ca2+ channels in pollen tubes and are regulated by pistil D-serine," Science, 332:434-7, 2011. Evaluated by Heng-Cheng Hu and Caren Chang, Univ of Maryland; Wagner Araujo and Alisdair Fernie, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Germany; Wataru Sakamoto, Okayama Univ, Japan.

6.揭示植物去甲基化机制

活跃的DNA去甲基化,这是一个人们了解很少的表观遗传学过程,涉及到除去胞嘧啶碱基上的甲基基团。过量表达的酶TET-1能诱导这一过程发生,它把一个羟基基团添加到甲基化的胞嘧啶上,将之作为去甲基化的标签。

J.U. Guo, et al., "Hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine by TET1 promotes active DNA demethylation in the adult brain," Cell, 145:423-34, 2011. Evaluated by Elisabetta Tabolacci and Giovanni Neri, Universit? Cattolica del S Cuore, Italy; Faraz Sultan and David Sweatt, Univ of Alabama at Birmingham

7.植物死亡调节物

众所周知,植物蛋白酶metacaspase的动物同源物调节凋亡和发炎。研究发现植物拟南芥metacaspase也参与调节程序性细胞死亡和天然免疫(innate immunity),表明这些功能在不同物种之间高度保守。

N.S. Coll, et al., "Arabidopsis type I metacaspases control cell death," Science, 330:1393-7, 2011. Evaluations by Daniel Gallie, Univ of California; Beno?t Lacroix and Vitaly Citovsky, SUNY at Stony Brook; Alexei Kurakin and Roya Khosravi-Far, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center。

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